Local Biomes in Nigeria

A biome is a large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region defined by its climate and dominant vegetation. In Nigeria, the distribution of biomes is primarily determined by the gradient of rainfall, which decreases from the south to the north.

1. Tropical Rainforest

Located in the southern part of Nigeria (e.g., Edo, Delta, Cross River, Lagos), this biome experiences high rainfall (over 2000mm annually) and high temperatures throughout the year.

• Characteristics: High biodiversity, broad-leaved evergreen trees, and distinct layers (stratification).
• Features: Trees have buttress roots to support their great height; presence of epiphytes (e.g., ferns, orchids) and lianas (woody climbers).

2. Guinea Savanna

This is the largest biome in Nigeria, covering the central states (e.g., Oyo, Benue, Kaduna). It is divided into Southern and Northern Guinea Savanna.

• Vegetation: Mixture of tall grasses and scattered, fire-resistant trees (e.g., Shea butter, Lophira).
• Climate: Moderate rainfall with distinct wet and dry seasons.

3. Sudan Savanna

Found further north (e.g., Kano, Sokoto, Katsina). It has lower rainfall than the Guinea Savanna.

• Vegetation: Short grasses and thorny trees like the Acacia and the Baobab (which stores water in its trunk).
• Adaptations: Plants are often deciduous, shedding leaves in the dry season to conserve water.

4. Sahel Savanna / Desert

Located in the extreme northern edges of Nigeria (e.g., Borno, Yobe). It borders the Sahara Desert.

• Characteristics: Very low rainfall and sparse vegetation.
• Vegetation: Mostly drought-resistant shrubs and grasses.

5. Montane Biomes (Highlands)

Found in high-altitude areas such as the Jos Plateau, Mambilla Plateau, and Obudu Cattle Ranch.

• Characteristics: Cooler temperatures due to altitude (lapse rate).
• Vegetation: Grasslands and montane forests with unique flora and fauna not found in the surrounding lowlands.